ADVERBIAL CLAUSES & DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Adverbial Clause is a Clause (clause) which functions as an adverb, which describes a verb. Adverbial Clause usually classified based on "the meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctive that preceded it). The types of adverbial Clause include:

1. Clause of Time Clause which shows the time. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) as after, before, no sooner, while, axles. (example: closed the door before you got out) 
2. Clause of Place That show where clause. Usually made by using such conjunction Nowhere, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc (example: where there is a will, there is a way)
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession) Clause which shows the contradiction between the two incidents or events that are related. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc (example: he is very friendly,even if he is a clever student)
4. Clause of Manner Clause which shows the cars how a job is done or event occurs. Usually made by using conjunction (conjunctive) such as, how, like, in that, etc (example: you may finish it how you like)
5. Clause of Purpose and Result Clause which shows the relationship intent / objectives and outcomes. Usually made by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc (example: they went to the movie early(in order) to find the best seats.

In addition, to reveal the relationship of cause and effect (cause and effect) can be used in other patterns, namely:

1. Using the Preposition (preposition) like Because of, due to, due to the fact that, etc. Example: * Because of the cold weather, We stayed home. (We stayed home Because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, We stayed home. (We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact That the weather was cold, We stayed home. (We stayed home due to the fact That the weather was cold)

2. Using conjunctions (conjunction) as Because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Example:
* Because he was sleepy, he Went to bed.
* Since he's not Interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she Had nothing in particular to do, she Called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders Could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3. Using transition words like therefore, consequently. Example:
* She failed the test Because he Did not study.
* Alex Did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
* Alex Did not study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Latihan Soal:

1.         ____a cold front meets a warm front, an area of turbulent air is created often producing thunderstorms and tornadoes.

a.        And

b.        When

c.        That

d.       However

kunci jawaban: B

2.   ____  The Indian variety of crocodile is the most widely researched crocodile in the world _______ anatomical structure is so unusual.

a.        because its

b.        because of its

c.        it is because

d.       is because

kunci jawaban: A

Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
Ada dua cara untuk mengungkapkan apa yang seseorang katakan yaitu: langsung (direct) dan tidak langsung (indirect/reported).
Pada kalimat langsung, kita mengulangi ucapan pembicara (speaker) sama persis. Kalimat langsung biasanya digunakan dalam percakapan di dalam buku, drama, ataupun dalam tanda kurung.
Contoh:
He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella

Kalimat langsung (direct) mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu: reporting sentence dan reported sentence. Reporting sentence adalah klausa yang berisi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan reported sentence adalah klausa yang berisi apa yang dibicarakan.
Contoh:
Mike said, “I will come to your house.

Sedangkan, pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect), kita mengungkapkan maksud ucapan pembicara dengan ungkapan yang tidak sama persis.
Contoh:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)

A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)
Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul

Contoh:
Direct
• John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
• Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”
Indirect
• John says that he is trying to get a taxi.
• Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

Namun demikian, kalimat tidak langsung biasanya diawali dengan verb lampau (past tense)

Latihan soal direct and indirect speech:
1. Father said, “Finish your work!”
    The indirect form is: Father told me ____
    a. finish your work                d. to finish your work
    b. finished your work            e. to finish my work
    c. that I finish my work
Kunci jawaban: E

2. Don’t make noise, children”, she said. Mean____
    a. She told the children don’t make noise        d. She told the children not to make noise.
    b. She said the children didn’t make noise       e. She didn’t tell the children to make
    c. She didn’t say the children should noise            noise
Kunci jawaban: A

Source:

http://indrawijayakusuma91.blogspot.com/2011/02/teori-adverbial-clause_24.htmlhttp://abudira.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/direct-dan-indirect-speech/

http://4englishcourses.blogspot.com/2011/07/latihan-bahasa-inggris-materi-direct.html

http://search.4shared.com/postDownload/UfI0zrAu/SOAL_ADVERB_CLAUSE.html